GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ECOSYSTEM: FORMATION AND EVOLUTION

Abstract

The article examines the global technology transfer ecosystem as a key factor in innovative development, international cooperation and competitiveness of countries in the context of techno globalism. The author analyzes the structural elements, the evolution of technology transfer mechanisms and the main institutions that shape the modern system of exchange of scientific and technical knowledge. The growing role of digital platforms, startups, R&D centers, open science, as well as the importance of transnational corporations and university incubators in the formation of innovation hubs is noted. Special attention is paid to high-tech exports, R&D spending and the role of leading countries - the USA, China, the EU, South Korea, Israel - in global scientific and technological exchange. The trends of internationalization of research, the development of venture capital, technological protectionism and geopolitical barriers that affect the dynamics of transfer are analyzed. The article provides examples of techno globalism, in particular the activities of Google, Apple, Tesla, and open projects such as GitHub or Wikipedia. It is determined that technology transfer is currently implemented not only through traditional methods (licensing, patents), but also through partnership programs, joint research, outsourcing and cloud services. It is emphasized that for the sustainable development of national economies, active inclusion in the global innovation network, adaptation to digital trends and increased participation in international projects are important. There is a transition from linear models of innovation to open, flexible and decentralized systems, where international partnerships, universities, startups, science parks and transnational corporations play an important role. Effective technology transfer is becoming the basis of economic competitiveness of countries, especially in the context of rapidly changing technological paradigms. The article concludes with conclusions on the formation of open innovation models, the need for institutional support for technology transfer and the prospects for further research in this area.